Notes

Notes

1. U.S. Department of Health and Human Services (DHHS), Study of National Incidence and Prevalence of Child Abuse and Neglect (Washington, DC: DHHS, 1988).
   
   
2. M. Wald, "State Intervention on Behalf of Neglected Children: Standards for Removal of Children from their Homes, Monitoring the Status of Children in Foster Care and Termination of Parental Rights," Stanford Law Review 28(1976):637.
   
   
3. M. Wald, "State Intervention on Behalf of Endangered Children: A Proposed Legal Response," Child Abuse and Neglect 6(1982):11.
   
   
4. I. Wolock and B. Horowitz, "Child Maltreatment and Material Deprivation Among AFDC-Recipient Families," Social Service Review 53(1979):179­194.
   
   
5. S. J. Zuravin, "Suggestions for Operationally Defining Child Physical Abuse and Physical Neglect," in R. H. Starr and D. A. Wolfe, eds., The Effects of Child Abuse & Neglect (New York: Guilford Press, 1991).
   
   
6. N. A. Polansky et al., Damaged Parents (Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1987), 15.
   
   
7. J. Korbin, "Child Abuse and Neglect: The Cultural Context," in R. E. Helfer and R. S. Kempe, eds., The Battered Child, 4th ed., (Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1987), 23­41.
   
   
8. J. M. Giovannoni and R. M. Becera, Defining Child Abuse (New York: The Free Press, 1979).
   
   
9. N. A. Polansky, P. Ammons, and B. L. Weathersby, "Is There an American Standard of Child Care?" Social Work (1983):341­46.
   
   
10. J. M. Giovannoni and A. Billingsley, "Child Neglect Among the Poor: A Study of Parental Adequacy in Families of Three Ethnic Groups," Child Welfare 49(1970):196­204; L. H. Pelton, The Social Context of Child Abuse and Neglect (New York: Human Science Press, 1981); Polansky et al., Damaged Parents; American Association for Protecting Young Children, Highlights of Official Child Neglect and Child Abuse Reporting 1981 (Denver: American Humane Association, 1988); and N. A. Polansky, P. W. Ammons, and J. M. Gaudin, "Loneliness and Isolation in Child Neglect," Social Casework 66(1985):38­47.
    
    
11. Wolock and Horowitz, "Child Maltreatment and Material Deprivation Among AFDC-Recipient Families," 175­194.
    
    
12. U.S. Department of Health and Human Services, Study of National Incidence and Prevalence of Child Abuse and Neglect.
    
    
13. Ibid.
    
    
14. M. A. Jones, Parental Lack of Supervision.
    
    
15. Ibid.
    
    
16. J. Bopp and T. J. Balch, "The Child Abuse Amendments of 1984 and their Implementing Regulations: A Summary of Issues" Law and Medicine 1(1985):129.
    
    
17. D. S. Gomby and P. H. Shiono, "Estimating the Number of Substance-Exposed Infants," The Future of Children 1(1991):21.
    
    
18. D. Kronstadt, "Complex Developmental Issues of Prenatal Drug Exposure," The Future of Children 1(1991):39­41.
    
    
19. R. S. Kempe and R. B. Goldbloom, "Malnutrition and Growth Retardation (Failure to Thrive) in the Context of Child Abuse and Neglect," in R. E. Helfer and C. H. Kempe, eds., The Battered Child, 4th ed., (Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1987), 312.
    
    
20. C. C. Ayoub and J. S. Milner, "Failure to Thrive: Parental Indicators, Types, and Outcomes," Child Abuse & Neglect 9(1985):491­499.
    
    
21. P. M. Crittenden, "Non-Organic Failure to Thrive: Deprivation or Distortion?" Infant Mental Health Journal 8(1987):51­64; and Kempe and Goldbloom, "Malnutrition and Growth Retardation (Failure to Thrive) in the Context of Child Abuse and Neglect," 312.
    
    
22. K. Nelson, E. Saunders, and M. J. Landsman, Chronic Neglect in Perspective: A Study of Chronically Neglecting Families in a Large Metropolitan County. Final Report. (Oakdale, IA: National Resource Center for Family Based Services, 1990).